In recent years a debate over the status of classical theories of democracy seems to be shaping up. If classical theories of democracy are in for increased discussion and debate, Rousseau’s name almost certainly will figure prominently in the arguments. Yet a debate about the relevance of Rousseau’s theory will be less fruitful if it is cast in the usual misrepresentation of his theory than if it gives due attention to Rousseau’s theory of popular sovereignty but representative government. Some of the distinctions and arguments upon which this latter theory rests are outlined here and their importance is stressed.