Stewart, J. A. Notes on the “Nicomachean Ethics” of Aristotle. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892.

Excerpt:

“Chapter 1, Argument:

Every art, every science, every action, every act of choice, aims at some good.  Hence  they have well defined The Good  as open quote the end which all things aim at.” But ends differ. Sometimes our end is the beer performance of a function; sometimes, something substantive beyond the performance of a function—in which case the something substantive is “better than,” i.e  is the  raison d’être of function by which it is produced.

There are as many ends as there are arts, sciences, and forms of action. There are certain leading arts, sciences, and forms of action, under which other arts, sciences, and forms of action group themselves in various degrees of subordination. The end of the leading arts, science, or form of action is always more choice words he than the end of the subordinate parts, sciences, or forms of action belonging to the group. Thus Generalship is an art, who is and, “victory,” is more choice worthy than “writing,” the end of the subordinate art of horsemanship; as open quote writing,” in its turn, is more choice worthy than “the bridle,” the end of the still more subordinate parts of bridle making.  This example shows that in art and is, and that art is and is not, a substantive product may belong to the same group of subordinate arts. A bridle is a substantive product,  riding is the mere performance of a function; but the art of bridle-making  and the arts of horsemanship both fall under the same leading art.”

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